TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS 2 (Bagian 1 Adverbial Clause)
BAGIAN 1.
ADVERB CLAUSE
· Pengertian
Adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menjelaskan atau memberi informasi tentang kata kerja, kata sifat, dan kata keterangan dalam kalimat.
· Contoh Kalimat Adverb Clause
| Subject + Be / Verb | Adverb Clause |
| Mrs. Farida goes to the office | Though she is still sick |
| The soldiers keep moving | Although the weather was worse |
| That man works hards day and night | In the hope that he can give good education for his children |
| That women is so emotional | That every little thing upsets her |
| You will meet her | If you come to the party |
Referensi :
Riyanto, Slamet,2007. The 1st Students Choice TOEFL Preparation (Test of English as a Foreign Language). Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar. Hal : 273-274.
ADVERB CLAUSE
· Pengertian
Adveb Clause adalah bentuk dari anak kalimat yang dependen. Mereka tidak bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat dalam bahasa inggris. Mereka harus dihubungkan menjadi independen clause. Ketika adverb clause didahului dengan independen clause, tanda koma digunakan untuk memisahkan clause, sedangkan ketika adveb clause kemudian diikuti dengan independen clause, biasanya tidak menggunakan tanda koma.
| Summary List of Words Used to Introduce Adverb Clauses | ||||
| Time | Cause and Effect | Contrast | Condition | |
| After Before When While As As soon as Since Until | By the time (that) Once As / so long as Whenever Every time (that) The first time (that) The last time (that) The next time (that) | Because Now that since | Even though Although Though | If Unless Only if Whether or not Even if In case In the event that |
| Direct Contrast While whereas | ||||
· Contoh :
When we were in New York, we saw several plays.
He saw several plays when we were in New York.
Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
He went to bed because he was sleepy.
Because the weather was cold, I’didn’t go swimming.
Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming.
Mary is rich, while John is poor.
John is poor, while Mary is rich.
I’ll be at my uncle’s house in case you (should) need to reach me.
In the event that you (should) need to reach me, I’ll be at my uncle’s house.
Referensi :
Schrampfer A., Betty,1999. Understanding and Using English Grammar third Edition. United State of America : Pearson Education. Hal : 359-369.
TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS 2 (Bagian 2 Command and Request)
BAGIAN 2.
COMMAND
· Pengertian
Command adalah kalimat yang diperintahkan kepada seseorang terhadap sesuatu dan biasanya diakhiri dengan tanda seru.
· Contoh Command
· Close the door!
· Don’t touch the pan!
· Put off your shoes!
· Go away be patient!
· Behave your self!
REQUEST
· Pengertian
Request adalah kalimat berupa permintaan oleh seseorang terhadap sesuatu dan biasanya menggunakan kata please.
· Contoh Request
· Please open up your mine.
· Please sit down.
· Wait a moment, please.
· Turn on the tv, please.
· Please calm down.
Referensi :
Zumakhsidan, dan Yulia Mufarichah, 2007. Progress a Contextual Approach to Learning English and English Textbook for Senior High School Grade X. Jakarta : Ganeca Exact. Hal : 43-44.
TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS 2 (Bagian 3 Reported Speech-Direct and Indirect Speech)
BAGIAN 3.
REPORTED SPEECH (DIRECT AND INDIRECT)
· Pengertian Direct Speech
Direct speech adalah kata-kata (kalimat) yang diucapkan langsung dari si pembicara. Kalimat tersebut tidak dapat diubah atau ditambahkan.
· Pengertian Indirect Speech
Indirect speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung, yaitu kalimat yang digunakan apabila kita ingin menceritakan seseorang kepada orang lain. Atau dapat dikatakan bahwa indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung) adalah kalimat-kalimat direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang diceritakan kembali dengan cara lain tetapi tidak mengubah artinya dengan tidak lagi mengulangi pembicaraan tetapi menceritakan apa yang dikatakan si pembicara.
· Contoh Direct dan Indirect Speech
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| He said : “Go away!” | He told us to go away |
| Mother said : “Wash your face!” | Mother told me to wash my face. |
| The police ordered : “Walk on!” | The police ordered to walk on. |
| The teacher said : “Don’t be lazy!” | The teacher said not to be lazy. |
| Tom : I study hard | Tom said that he studied hard. |
Referensi :
Hartanto, John Surjadi, dkk, 1987. Tata Bahasa Bahasa Inggris Lengkap. Jakarta : Indah. Hal : 78
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
A. Pengertian
Direct speech adalah bentuk “kalimat kutipan asli” dari pembicara atau pendapat seseorang, tanpa mengalami perubahan.
Contoh :
Mary said : “I am busy” (direct speech)
“I like you”, he said (direct speech)
Indirect speech atau biasa juga disebut reported speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung atau kalimat orang lain yang diulangi dalam bentuk lain oleh pembicara, tanpa menggunakan bentuk yang sama (the exact word of the speaker), tapi masih mempertahankan maksud atau isi kalimat aslinya.
Contoh :
He says, “The train will arrive soon” (direct speech)
He says that the train will arrive soon (indirect speech)
B. Bentuk-Bentuk Indirect Speech
Bentuk kalimat indirect speech terdiri dari dua kelompok :
1. Bentuk kalimat tidak langsung yang kata pengantarnya dalam bentuk Present Tense (Says, tells, explains, dst), maka kalimat tidak langsungnya tidak mengalami perubahan tense.
Contoh :
Lindy explains, “I am sure I don’t make any mistakes.”
Lindy explains (that) She is sure she doesn’t make any mistakes.
Says (that) She is sure she doesn’t make any mistakes.
Answers (that) She is sure she doesn’t make any mistakes.
Note : Dalam kalimat tidak langsung yang kata kerja pengantarnya bentuk present, maka yang berubah adalah kata ganti orang, namun tenses-nya tidak berubah.
2. Bentuk kalimat tidak langsung yang kata pengantarnya dalam bentuk Past Tense (asked, said, ordered, warned, dst) maka kalimatnya mengalami perubahan yakni tense, kata ganti orang, serta keterangan waktu atau tempat.
a. Perubahan Tenses
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
| 1. Present Tense | Past Tense |
| 2. Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| 3. Past Tense | Past Perfect (Had + Verb3) |
| 4. Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous (Had been + Verb-ing) |
| 5. Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| 6. Present Perfect Continuos | Past Perfect Continuos |
| 7. Present Future (Simple/ Continuos) | Past Perfect Tense (Simple/ Continuos) |
| 8. Past Future Tense (Simple/ Continuos) | Past Perfect Future (Simple/ Continuos) |
| 9. Present Perfect Future (Simple/ Continuos) | |
b. Perubahan keterangan waktu
| ADVERBS | DIRECT SPEECH | REPORTED SPEECH |
| Adverb of Time | Now | Then |
| Today | That day | |
| Last week | The week before | |
| Last night | The night before | |
| . . . . .ago | | |
| Tommorow | The next day/the following day | |
| Next week | The following week/the week after | |
| Yesterday | The day before/the previous day | |
| Adverb of Place or other expression | Here | There |
| This | That | |
| These | Those |
c. Perubahan dari Direct ke Indirect Speech
1) Reported Speech yang berbentuk statement (pernyataan)
· Sebuah kalimat pernyataan menggunakan kata pengantar
Kata Said/Informed/Explained/Told + (that) + ……..
Bila pembaca melaporkan atau menceritakan kembali apa yang dibicarakan oleh orang lain, maka kata benda dalam kalimat tersebut harus berubah.
| DIRECT SPECCH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
| Ann : “I am busy now.” | Ann said that she was busy then |
| Tom: “i study hard.” | Tom said that he studied hard |
| Lisa : “I didn’t do anything.” | Lisa said that she hadn’t done anything. |
| Dini : “I have gone to the party.” | Dini said that she had gone to the party. |
| Brad: “I will visit my grandmother tomorrow.” | Brad said that he would visit his grandmother the following day. |
Lihat proses perubahanya :
· Direct : Mary said, “I am going to watch TV”.
Indirect : Mary said that she was going to watch TV.
· Direct : Alan said, “ I didn’t speak anything to him yesterday”.
Indirect : Alan said that hadn’t spoken anything to him the previous day.
· Bila pembicara melaporkan keadaan dirinya sendiri, maka kata ganti orang (pronoun) I , My, me tetap tidak mengalami perubahan.
· Direct : I said ,”I will leave the country”.
Indirect : I said I would leave the country.
2) Reported Speech yang berasal dari Interrogative sentence (kalimat tanya).
· Bentuk kalimat tidak langsung ini, mengubah bentuk kalimat tanya menjadi
Kalimat berita.kalimat tidak langsung yang berasal dari bentuk kalimat tanya
Menggunakan kata kerja pengantar.
Asked = bertanya
Inquired = minta keterangan
Wondered = ingin mengetahui
Wanted to know = ingin mengetahui
· Bentuk kalimat Reported Question (kalimat tanya tak langsung) dibagi menjadi
Dua kelompok:
(a) Bentuk kalimat tanya yang didahului dengan auxilary verb (kata kerja bantu).
Bila pertanyaan mulai dengan kata kerja bantu maka kalimat tidak langsungnya menggunakan rumus:
If/Wheter + S + Auxiliary Verb + Object
Contoh:
| DIRECT SPEECH | REPORTED SPEECH |
| Liz, “Are you busy?” | Liz asked me if/whether I was busy. |
| Tommy, “Can I help you?” | Tommy asked me if/whether he could help me. |
| Dini, “Have you been to Bali?” | Dini wanted to know if/whether I had been to Bali. |
(b) Bentuk kalimat tanya yang didahului oleh “Wh” Question (What, Who, Whom, Which, Whose, How, dst).
Bila pertanyaan mulai dengan “Wh” Question maka kalimat tidak langsungnya (Reported Speech) menggunakan rumus:
“Wh”Question + S + Verb
Contoh:
- Direct : She said,”Where do you live ?”
- Indirect : She asked me where I Lived.
- Direct : “Why did you go yesterday ?”
- Indirect : He asked I had gone the day before.
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
| Doctor said, “How long have you been ill?” | Doctor asked me how long I had been ill. |
| Vini said, “What will you do, Ann?” | Vini asked Ann what she would do. |
| Liz said, “Why do you borrow my dictionary?” | Liz asked me why I borrowed her dictionary. |
Note : Kalau kata “I” digunakan dalam kalimat langsung, maka kalimat tidak Langsungnya mengacu pada pembicara pertama, sedangkan kata”You” mengacu pada pembicaraan kedua.
Contoh:
Ann said, “What will you do ?”
Ann asked me what I would do.
3) Reported Speech yang berubah dari sebuah Reported Imperative (kalimat perintah).
Kata kerja pengantar dalam bentuk ini adalah:
Told
Ordered
Asked
Begged + To + Verb 1 + not to + Verb 1
Advised
Requisted
Bentuk Reported Imperative dibagi menjadi dua kelompok:
· Positive Imperative
Bentuk Positive Imperative adalah bentuk kalimat perintah tanpa “not”. Polanya adalah sebagai berikut:
To + Verb 1
Contoh :
Direct : “Shut the window, please !” He said.
Told Me
Indirect: He Ordered + Him + To shut the window
Commanded Them
Request
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
| Go away, please! | He told me to go away. |
| Come in, please! | He ordered us to come in. |
| Be quiet, children! | He asked the children to be quiet. |
| Read this letter, please! | He requested me to read that letter. |
· Negative Imperative
Jika kalimat perintah negatif diawali dengan kata “Don’t” maka bentuk kata kerja negatifnya berubah menjadi “not” dan diikuti infinitive dengan “to”. Jadi pola kalimat perintah negatifnya adalah:
Not to + Verb 1
Contoh :
Direct : “ Don’t be lazy !”, he said.
Indirect : He told me not to be lazy
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
| “Don’t make mistake!”, she said. | She ordered me not to make mistake. |
| “Don’t be late!”, he said. | He warned them not to be late. |
| “Don’t go away!”, he said. | He ordered us not to go away. |
| “Please don’t be angry!”, he said. | He told her not to be angry. |
Note :
· Kalau perubahan permohonan menggunakan kata “Please”, maka dalam kalimat tidak langsungnya kata “Please” dihilangkan.
· Perubahan dalam bentuk kalimat tidak langsung hanya terjadi pada keterangan waktu(adverb of time) dan keterangan tempat (adverb of palce); namun tidak mengalami perubahan.
Referensi :
Seri Diktat SMU Negeri 1 Bekasi.2003.Bekasi. Hal 222-227.
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